Forest & Bird » Threats & Impacts

"Species Optimisation" plans within DOC

(26 posts)
  • Started 1 year ago
  1. Tawaki
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    Has anyone heard about the latest plans within DOC called "species optimisation". I have heard some rumours about it. I understand that it is likely to result in major funding cuts to the successful whole ecosystem pest protection work that has been done by regular aerial 1080 treatments of many West Coast forests. Much of this work has been sustained by DOC for the last 20-30 years and has generally achieved stunning conservation results. (see www.1080facts.co.nz).

    The aerial 1080 money is likely to be diverted to pet species projects (mostly birds) elsewhere in the South Island, particularly those that lend themselves to provide plenty of photo opportunities and feel good PR. Brace yourself for lots of photos of politicians cuddling birds!

    Apparently the "cute bird focused brigade" are keen to get their hands on the substantial DOC funding committed over the last 20 years to maintaining regular aerial 1080 treatment on hundreds of thousands of hectares of pristine West Coast native forest, particularly in South Westland. These programmes have been extraordinarily cost effective, averaging about $5-$7 per hectare per year, to achieve ongoing integrated pest management . The precise cost depends on the frequency of the 1080 treatment. This cost is a small fraction of the cost of labour intensive ground trapping but has shown outstanding results. The consensus amongst virtually all DOC conservation scientists is that aerial 1080 operations are by far the most effective tool that we have to restore and maintain healthy natural ecosystems on mainland NZ against pest and predator attacks.

    This West Coast "whole ecosystem" approach has yielded a great range of both intended and unintended conservation gains. Wineberry, cedar, fuchsia, Pseudopanax species, mistletoe, broadleaf, insects, snails and a full range of native birds have all benefitted from this ecosystem approach.

    *Mohua/yellowhead, Halls totara and NZ cedar in the Landsborough Valley have shown great recovery because of the regular aerial 1080 programme here over the last 15 years, originally started primarily to save mistletoe and fuchsia forests.
    *Great Spotted Kiwi,kaka, weka and NZ robin have all benefitted from the 1080 programme in the Otira Valley over the last 46 years, designed originally to save the southern rata forest in this valley.

    The species optimisation brigade can be guaranteed to focus on their favoured individual bird species, avoid aerial 1080 programmes because they might upset some people and instead squander the funding on futile stoat trapping. They will also adopt very expensive, highly interventionist and very labour intensive approaches. This involves lots of handling of birds, artificial rearing of that species and ends up usually with the birds being transferred to an offshore island. They tend to forget that birds also need natural habitat to have a future and that New Zealanders want to save forests and whole ecosystems on the mainland and not just cute birds.

    Rata, NZ cedar, tree fuchsia, Halls totara and wineberry may not in themselves be endangered species. They are, however, threatened by possums. These trees are vital species for bird food and they are excellent indicators of forest ecosystem health.

    Is anyone else concerned about this "species optimisation approach" or can anyone who knows better perhaps within DOC explain the logic of it to readers?

    Posted 1 year ago #
  2. Kaipara
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    Concerned - definitely ... but at the risk of being equally parochial, in our part of the west coast of the North Island, unfortunately it's been the way of things up here in Kaipara for eons.

    Most of the money DOC spends around the Kaipara Harbour is also species orientated - for protection and enhanced breeding of the NZ Fairy Tern on the west side of the Harbour at Papakanui Spit, (including pest control, moving eggs around, taking eggs for incubation, etc) The rest of the Warkworth office budget is spent mostly on the Hauraki Gulf and the Kermadecs.

    Other Kaipara habitat, like the fantastic sand dunes at Manukapua (Big Sand island on the east side of the harbour) has been largely neglected and over-run by weeds, rabbits, deer and ferrets. This island is one of the key high-tide roosts for thousands of local and international waders each Oct-April, including hundreds of Wrybill each season with NZ Dotterels, Banded Dotterels, Black-billed Gulls, Caspian Terns, White-fronted Terns, Bar-tailed Godwits, Turnstones, Whimbrels etc etc There are also botanical treasures on the island, including pingao that has survived despite the "grazing".

    The only saving grace is that the Kiwi Foundation is funding a whole of Okahukura Peninsula pest control that will ultimately benefit the island too.

    Protection of the 615ha lowland forest remnant at Atuanui Scenic Reserve on the east side of the Kaipara Harbour has been funded by our Atuanui Restoration Project where we have carry out ongoing intensive pest control of stoats, ferrets, rats, and possums. To their credit, DOC has continued to fund deer and goat control on this relatively small area, and these are now under control. For details of the project, go to www.kaiparaforestandbird.org.nz and select Atuanui.

    Another west coast area that desperately needs some funding, is in the Far North around Te Paki at the top of Ninety-Mile Beach. This iconic landscape, visited by hundreds of thousands of tourists each year, is becoming over-run with weeds such as pampas and wattle. A small amount of funding now would get on top of that problem and protect this area from becoming just another weed-infested NZ landscape.

    For the South Island West Coast, I really hope the rumour is only that, and that DOC continue the fantastic 1080 work that has been done to maintain the rainforest habitat on the Coast and continue to protect those areas of precious West Coast flora and fauna.

    Posted 1 year ago #
  3. Tawaki
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    I have done some more digging into the "Species Optimisation" concept. Prof Hugh Possingham of University of Queensland is apparently one of the key architects and proponents. The idea is essentially to practice triage with endangered species and identify what are the species most likely to benefit from human intervention. Other species, considered less special or past the point of no return, are written off - the rationale being that it is not cost effective to save them compared to the benefits of focusing on species where you are likely to get a much more rapid and economical recovery.

    The NZ Fairy tern may be one casualty of this approach because it is only a sub species of the very abundant Australian fairy tern that numbers in the tens of throusands. As Kaipara points out above, there is already a huge DOC investment going into NZ fairy tern conservation.

    Another example might be the conservation of the NZ Black Stilt. Here with huge financial investment, black stilt can be readily bred in protected aviaries. However when released into the wild, the captive reared birds are particularly vulnerable to predation. They also hybridise with the much more abundant pied stilt so the future of black stilt as a wild self sustaining bird species may be numbered.

    It appears that this "species optimisation" approach may already have been adopted by DOC without public consultation and without the involvement of the NZ Conservation Authority. DOC staff are already talking about what happens in resource allocation with the introduction of species optimisation.

    There are some real concerns about this approach.

    1. Inadequate scientific knowledge that results in decisions to allow species/ecosystems to be lost :------- Who would ever have thought that Chatham Island Black Robins could be reduced to one female (Old Blue) yet recover with intensive conservation management to hunderds of these birds. There is a real risk of writing off species when we just don't know what their future prospects are. The Orange Fronted Parakeet (OFP) was for a long time thought to be just a hybrid between the yellow crowned and red crowned. However only in recent years has its distinct genetic make up been discovered and this is reflected in a very limited distribution and behavioural differences. OFP numbers are now on the increase through some very smart conservation management.

    2. An obsession with individual species over whole ecosystems:----- One of the greatest benefits from the establishment of DOC was that for the first time we had a national conservation agency focused on ecosystem conservation rather than largely on species conservation, the focus of one of DOC's predecessors, the NZ Wildlife Service.

    Under "species optimisation" (coupled with DOC leadership wanting to showcase conservation to make it more politically mainstream) there is a real risk that "cute and cuddly" will be given priority over adequate conservation management of big chunks of natural habitat. This poses serius risks to the South West NZ World Heritage Area, the Central North Island rainforests, Waipoua Forest and the rata-kamahi-cedar-fuchsia forests of the Otira Valley.

    Posted 1 year ago #
  4. Raptor
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    Have a look at NZ Geographic Issue 101 Jan-Feb 10, a real scarery article on page 93 titled 'Conservation by Numbers' on this very subject. Do we really need to listen to an Aussie expert? DOC took a $54 million cut in 2009 yet this Government gave $50 million to a national cycleway!

    Posted 1 year ago #
  5. Tawaki
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    The article about species optimisation is scary.

    What we need to be really worried about is that "species optimisation" will be used as the scientific rationale to attack programmes that have been a stunning conservation success, such as the extensive aerial 1080 work that is treating nearly 1 million hectares of NZ conservation land on a regular basis. These successful programmes are likely to be terminated or have their budgets slashed.

    I have already had it explained to me that the brilliant southern rata trees that flowered so wonderfully in the Otira Gorge this summer, would barely even rank for any funding under "species optimisation" Southern rata is not considered endangered. I would argue that healthy rata forest actually is endangered on mainland NZ

    Drivng a lot of this work is jealousy within DOC that when the original budget allocations were made 15 or more years ago within DOC, there were some well organised Conservancies such as West Coast that realised that the key to nature conservation over big areas of our most highly protected lands (eg World Heritage, National Parks) lay in extensive, cost effective pest control using helicopters.

    Other Conservancies didn't have the interest or capacity to think in an "ecosystem" based way. Instead they were captured by those scientists and managers in their ranks who were focused largely on the conservation of individual birds. These saw the conservation solution being in labour intensive and costly stoat trapping. When that didn't work their solution seemed always to be "more traps"

    In the South Island, we have seen West Coast provide leadership in big scale nature conservation using aerial 1080 programmes with regular treatment every 3-5 years. This knocks possum populations right down. It restores healthy forest and has significant benefits for native bird breeding. DOC West Coast are now researching even more frequent treatments to achieve even greater control of rats and stoats to further improve bird breeding success. Nelson-Marlborough DOC have followed West Coast DOC's lead and have recently been treating huge areas of Kahurangi National Park with aerial 1080 with great success.

    Other Conservancies have been much slower to understand the importance of ecosystem based pest control. Otago persisted with stoat and even rat trapping in the vast Dart-Rees catchment of Mt Aspiring Nat Park. Finally, last year, they admitted the futility of this and conducted a large scale aerial 1080 operation in the Dart targetted against rats. Otago also spent years stoat trapping in the Catlins to save Mohua but finally recognised that aerial 1080 operations were a far more effective weapon against stoats, rats and possums here. Canterbury also had a huge Operation Ark /Mainland Island programme largely centred around trapping and has now moved to aerial 1080 programmes as the core of their conservation work. Southland Conservancy were the slowest of all in adopting aerial 1080 programmes, largely because the deerstalkers are so dominant in that province. Southland DOC staff have been stoat trapping for years now in the mighty Waitutu forest to save kaka. This programe that is doomed to failure just because of the huge scale of the landscape.

    However the good news is that Southland have seen the light and have just received resource consent to carry out a 25-30,000 ha aerial 1080 operation later this winter-spring across much of Waitutu Forest. They have also perfected pest barriers on footbridges to slow pest reinvasion of treated areas.

    So if West Coast have shown such extraordinary foresight in successful conservation, why would you punish then them and take away their aerial 1080 funding? Partially it is a matter of budget necessity. DOC has less funds for pest control. Secondly the locations DOC West Coast have been doing their successful 1080 work are not highly visible places. The Cascade, Landsborough, Moeraki-Abbey Rocks and Thomas Rivers are hard to get to and not much in the public eye. The Otira valley is very visible and DOC West Coast have held field days there this year celebrating the success of the 46 years of continuous 1080 programmes in the Otira. Thirdly perhaps DOC West Coast are not seen to be saving the "Icon species" that the other Conservancies want to be seen to be saving. I disagree with this perception. Where DOC West Coast are doing their successful work, they are saving wonderful podocarp and beech forests containing vlnerable wineberry, Colenso's mistletoe, Fuchsia, NZ cedar and rata. They are also saving good populations of whio, kaka, kereru, penguin, mohua and long tailed bats.

    However the pressure is on DOC to find money to save rare birds near big population centres so we are likely to see the West Coast suffer. Instead Nelson, Christchurch and Dunedin centred programmes for kiwi, blue duck, mohua, takahe, black stilt and lizards will get the funding formerly going to the West Coast. Often these programmes will have high publicity value, have lots of photos of politicians cuddling rare birds and will also try to draw in other outside funding. "Species optimisation" will be the rationale for taking the DOC West Coast funding.

    Posted 1 year ago #
  6. CeeJay
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    I'm not sure that I agree with Tawaki on this one. I've been working with the local conservancy on a number of projects, large and small, for more than twenty years and have seen no change of emphasis towards high profile species close to population centres. In fact, several of the projects I have assisted with have involved low profile birds, reptiles and invertebrates and this will continue, even more so, in the future

    I have, however, seen a large number of projects managed and funded by NGOs which seem to be focused on "trophy" species In my opinion, that's fine when a group uses an icon species as the "flagship" for a larger ecological restoration project (for example, Wellington Branch's "Places for Penguins" is basically about coastal restoration). However, I feel uncomfortable about introducing high profile species onto a site for doing so, for basically financial or PR reasons.

    In my experience, DOC scientists are well aware of the need that species, threatened or otherwise, need a healthy ecosystem to live in. However, with limited funding, DOC has be very rigorous in what they do. I have no philosophical difficulty in them focusing on those species and/or ecosystems most at risk. That gives plenty of scope for the community to assist - as is happening already. We can't leave it all to DOC.

    If DOC are moving funding away from 1080 drops on the West Coast, I suspect its for the same reason they're walked away from marine conservation - no stomach for the fight.

    Posted 1 year ago #
  7. Tawaki
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    Thanks Ceejay. My comments above are based on a process already underway within DOC. What is a real worry is the degree to which has been no public consultation or even consultation with NZCA, Forest and Bird and other NGOs about decisions being made about what species should live or die through the process called "Species Optimisation".

    These are fundamental issues that all of us should have some participation in. They are not covered by each Conservancies CMS. Nor are they covered in the General Policy for National Parks and Conservation land.

    It is another issue, but I agree with you that there is also a risk of some dodgey conservation stuff being done by NGOs so that they can have lots of publicity to help their fundraising. Much of the private/NGO conservation stuff is fantastic but there is a real risk that some of it can focus on icon species at the expense of restoring healthy ecosystems.

    I could provide an example of this but am reluctant to do so because it will result in debate about "turf wars".

    Posted 1 year ago #
  8. CeeJay
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    Likewise, Tawaki.

    I do agree with you to some extent about DOC pursuing projects close to population centres. Case in point is the recent pest eradication on Rangitoto/Matutapu near Auckland, which, as far as I am aware, will have no significant impact on any threatened species, whereas a proposal to rid Auckland Island (which has 17 listed bird species) of pigs and cats got knocked back. A case of out of sight, out of mind, I suppose.

    Have to feel for DOC, though. They're winning a battle here and there but losing the war against species extinctions and they're never going to have enough resources to do all that needs to be done.

    Perhaps we could all adopt a species. Why don't you encourage your local F&B Branch to adopt a species? Do some homework, talk to DOC - you be surprised at what comes out of the woodwork (in some cases, literally).

    Posted 1 year ago #
  9. auckland anne
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    When I saw this article about 30 little brown kiwi being moved from Hauturu to Mt Bruce, I didn't really think it was the 'red-letter day' for them that it was being portrayed as being http://www.doc.govt.nz/about-doc/news/media-releases/warm-wairarapa-welcome-expected-when-rnzaf-deliver-pukaha-bound-kiwi/ Shifting them from pest-free Hauturu to a mainland site where they could be exposed to predators hardly seemed like a 'red-letter day for them' to me.
    Let's hope that they are kept safe from dogs and ferrets in their new home.

    At the risk of being glass-half-empty about this particular story, I thought that this is an example of the species optimization which Tawaki was speaking about.

    Just a final comment, that it was interesting to read the same story about the kiwi transfer on the DoC website too, and see that they forgot to include Forest & Bird as being one of the three main groups in Save the Kiwi Trust, along with BNZ and DoC, who helped to make this transfer happen.

    Posted 1 year ago #
  10. auckland anne
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    This is how it was described as being "a red letter day' for the kiwis http://www.stuff.co.nz/environment/3671861/A-red-letter-day-for-30-little-brown-kiwi

    Posted 1 year ago #
  11. CeeJay
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    This is an interesting one.

    Just had a look at the Kiwi Recovery Plan (very impressive document by the way) and noted that, like Little Barrier, there is already a mixed provenance population at Mt Bruce. Hopefully, therefore, the transfer took place for good ecological reasons. I would also mention that the Mt Bruce Trust have done a fantastic job and would surely not be involved in this transfer just for the publicity. (Right, folks?)

    Noted that the BNZ seem to have a pre-emptive right on any publicity on any kiwi conservation work, whether it involved their funding or not. Not sure about the probity of that.

    Still would like to see a "Save Our Snails" or Save our Bugs" effort.

    Perhaps we should stop grumbling about DOC (on this issue, anyway) and get off our collective bums and do something ourselves?

    Posted 1 year ago #
  12. CeeJay
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    Just noticed in the Kiwi Recovery Plan that the kiwi population is at Little Barrier Island's carrying capacity, so taking off a reasonable number will increase the total number of individuals (assuming that the total number of kiwis fledging was more than the number dying).

    Posted 1 year ago #
  13. auckland anne
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    I sort of think that was where Tawaki started this discussion from; that the "doing something ourselves" boils down pretty much to transferring some species (mainly animal ones) from one area to another as opposed to protecting the ecosystem they live in so they don't need to be transferred. That's how I took what was being said, anyway.
    But I stand to be corrected if that's not what was being suggested.

    Posted 1 year ago #
  14. CeeJay
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    No it wasn't. The ecosystem comes first. There's a lot that can be done, and is being done around the country to protect threatened species in-situ, as well as translocations.

    Posted 1 year ago #
  15. auckland anne
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    I'm confused. Tawaki seemed to be totally saying that protection of the ecosystem is the most important, and you too agree that the ecosystem comes first. I don't see any differences in what we're all saying there. So ensuring protection of the ecosystem is where we need to put our efforts, it seems that he or she is saying? The issue Tawaki mentioned was aerial 1080 drops continuing. And then toowit; if the ecosystem is protected, then species like "the cute birds" won't need to be translocated.
    I sort of read that Tawaki is concerned that protection of the ecosystem (with funding 1080 drops) might be replaced with funding for species translocations.

    Posted 1 year ago #
  16. kauri
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    yep surely Tawaki's point was that funding that was being spent on 1080 drops on the West Coast to protect the iconic forests there, looks like being withdrawn and instead DOC will use that money on species recovery work while letting the West Coast forest habitat degrade ... he said ...

    Is anyone else concerned about this "species optimisation approach" or can anyone who knows better perhaps within DOC explain the logic of it to readers?

    bit of a rhetorical question really cos habitat/ecosystem protection is fundamental to our species work anyway ... if we don't look after the habitats where will we put all these optimised and recovered species !? Surely going to run out of islands and even mainland islands soon ...

    again that's kind of Tawaki's point ... you can only so long rely on the above but what you need is long term commitment to habitat protection so that places like the iconic West Coast forests are able to recover and/or continue to thrive after years of 1080 drops.

    Difficult to imagine that DOC will walk away from 1080 drops on the West Coast after their efforts to promote the positive effects of aerial 1080 in recent CDs and other media. But then again with the current level of funding available to DoC they may well have to concentrate on core activities ... whatever they deem those to be !?

    Posted 1 year ago #
  17. CeeJay
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    Are you saying that saving threatened species aren't important? What I am trying to say is that you can't save species in the long run unless you also save the ecosystems they live in. (in other words I agree with kauri - I think!) In my experience (and I've has quite a bit) most translocations are relatively cheap with many being funded from outside DOC. Hate to think what the takahe and kakapo recovery work is costing, though, but would we let those species go extinct to spend that money somewhere else?

    Perhaps some discussion about DOC's overall prioirities would be fruitful?

    Posted 1 year ago #
  18. auckland anne
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    From the DoC website, includes information about Ministerial priorities http://www.doc.govt.nz/upload/documents/about-doc/role/output-plan-09-10.pdf

    Posted 1 year ago #
  19. auckland anne
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    Pages 12 and 13 "Species Management" are interesting.

    Posted 1 year ago #
  20. Kaipara
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    Interesting discussion ... and interesting link to the DOC Output Plan for 2009/2010

    Good to see that $157 million of the total is devoted to management of natural heritage (Pg 8), but is that enough $ ?

    Number of hectares that will be under sustained possum control is just over one million with another 305,000 getting "treatment" for possums. It would be useful to know what is defined as sustained possum control vs treatment. This compares to 1.1 million and 228,000 respectively last year, so no notable drop in expectations ... but it would be more useful to see projections for the next 5-10 years too - if these exist (!?).

    Similarly terrestrial pest eradication operations for 2009/10 are 45 compared to 39 last year, so no indication of a change in focus there. Again a five year projection might be more revealing.

    The Species Recovery Programmes are vital, but we don't want to end up with an island zoo fauna so just as important is maintaining and restoring mainland habitat free of pests, and this is no doubt the difficult balance that DOC constantly struggles to fund on a steadily shrinking budget.

    Is the problem the balance between species optimisation and habitat restoration or between natural heritage and recreational allocations ? Could more of the recreational dollar be spent on saving our natural heritage ?

    Posted 1 year ago #
  21. matata
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    Don't think anyone was saying transferring threatened species isn't important, but need to make sure there's habitat safe for them to go to and from, and we can't ignore the balance, or, like Kaipara says, we'll end up with zoos mainly on islands and in mainland islands dotted here and there. The question then becomes, is going to see them in these zoos a type of recreation? Then which allocation does DoC use to fund them?

    Posted 1 year ago #
  22. CeeJay
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    I don't regard the sanctuaries as zoos but rather as lifeboats. Both species of saddleback, the stitchbird, the little spotted kiwi and the kakapo (to name a few) would all be extinct otherwise. If we want more money spent on mainland habitat then WE'VE got to make it a political imperative.

    Posted 1 year ago #
  23. auckland anne
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    From what I can tell from the DoC ministerial priorities that is posted above, it looks as though the number of projects focussing on protecting specific species is reducing in number (that's why pages 12 & 13 are interesting), and as Kaipara , who has read the document too, said,

    "(The)Number of hectares that will be under sustained possum control is just over one million with another 305,000 getting "treatment" for possums. This compares to 1.1 million and 228,000 respectively last year, so no notable drop in expectations.
    Similarly terrestrial pest eradication operations for 2009/10 are 45 compared to 39 last year, so no indication of a change in focus there".

    Even within the range of types of restoration, there are projects aiming to restore sustainable habitats (which is the aim of F&B's Ark in the Park for eg) as compared with restoration projects where for eg the birds or whatever need continued supplementary feeding (like Tiri?). The places like Tiri do serve to provide animals for transfer; so I guess what people are saying is that they wouldn't want to see a proliferation of places which only survive with human intervention whilst the animals' original habitat diminishes.

    Posted 1 year ago #
  24. CeeJay
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    Agree, but there are some, hopefully short to medium term, exceptions (eg taiko, kakapo, black stilt, Chathams Island petrel).

    Posted 1 year ago #
  25. Tawaki
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    Here is a new link that tells us about a major and important discovery of endangered short tailed bats in the Landsborough River in southern South Westland.

    Amazing that these critically endangered bats have been found here. It is living testament to the benefits of long term pest control on a whole ecosystem basis. There has been 15 years of regular aerial 1080 operation by DOC throughout the Landsborough catchment and surrounding World Heritage status protected forests.

    http://www.think.co.nz/discovery1.html

    Posted 11 months ago #
  26. Tawaki
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    One of the huge benefits of more than 15 years of continuous DOC pest control in the Landsborough-Moeraki-Haast wilderness forests is the restoration of complete ecosystems in these native forests. Elsewhere in New Zealand pest control efforts will usually focus on a single species, usually a bird such as the Okarito kiwi, blue duck or orange fronted parakeet.

    In the Landsborough-Moeraki-Haast wilderness forests however, continuous pest control has resulted in the recovery of a vast area of healthy mistletoe, rata, fuchsia and other vulnerable native forest species. These trees in turn provide fruit, nectar and insect populations for a great range of native animals. The obvious animals that we now can measure recovering here are blue duck, kaka, rifleman, bellbird, tui, kereru pigeon, falcon and the many small insect eating native birds, particularly the endangered mohua/yellowhead. We tend to forget that short tailed bats are also heavily reliant on nectar and on insects and will also benefit greatly from pest control programmes.

    There are moves nationally within the Department of Conservation to focus pest control programmes on single bird species, a policy called "species optimisation". It is a budgetary measure developed by office dwelling folk who fail to understand that a key principle of ecology is connectedness. It is no good saving the birds if you cannot save the trees that they are dependent upon. "Species optimisation" potentially threatens the future of much of the South Westland pest control work where the focus has always been on protecting big interconnected geographic areas rather than individual bird species. The Landsborough Valley bat results adds to many other findings in this area that show that large ecosystem based integrated pest control programmes instead may have much broader conservation benefits than single species conservation.

    It has been 20 years since the 2.7 million hectare Te Wahi Pounamu-South West New Zealand World Heritage Site was established to protect all these special South Westland native forests. Then, New Zealand pledged to the world that we would safeguard the unique plants, animals, landscapes and ecosystems found in this region. DOC's effective pest control programme operating here since 1991 shows that we are keeping our promise to the world.

    Posted 11 months ago #

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